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Color of wood pellets is mainly affected by the feedstock material used for their production and which composition and characteristic affect the final product quality. Pellets made from pure wood are light in color and have low ash content, while pellets made from different mixtures of wood and bark or foliage are generally darker and richer in minerals. This study aims to verify the correlation between...
Key characteristic thermal events during the pyrolysis and CO2-gasification of six representative combustible solid wastes (CSWs), namely, poplar, paper, polyethylene (PE), rubber, dacron and rice, were investigated using a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) in order to observe and contrast the thermal behaviour of these materials during pyrolysis and gasification and as a means to reveal their thermal...
Pyrolysis may be a first step in biomass to biofuels conversion processes. The present study investigated the influence of pressure on the thermal effects associated to biomass pyrolysis. Four energy crops were selected for experimental characterization: corn stalks, poplar, switchgrass Alamo and switchgrass Trailblazer. The heat demand of the pyrolysis process was measured by differential scanning...
The acid catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed and jatropha oil with 1-butanol was studied by varying temperature, reaction time, butanol/triglyceride ratio and the amount of sulfuric acid. A full factorial design supporting non-linear regression models was used to combine the four design parameters. The measured yield, viscosity and acid number were quantitatively described by PLS-regression...
Today there are serious regulations to reduce sulfur content of fuels because the SOx produced during the combustion of fuels containing sulfur compounds make the air polluted and have dangerous environmental impacts. With the aim of replacement of the present volatile, flammable and toxic organic solvents or inefficient, corrosive and expensive ionic liquids (ILs), the polyethylene glycol (PEG) was...
Isomerization of tetrahydrotricyclopentadiene (THTCPD) was conducted using three kinds of chloroaluminate ionic liquid (IL) catalysts to compare catalytic behavior of the IL catalysts. The effect of various reaction parameters and types of IL catalysts on the THTCPD isomerization has been explored to optimize the reaction process. The conversion of isomerization of THTCPD using IL catalyst strongly...
Regenerable MgO-based sorbent, which was prepared and evaluated in the thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) in part 1, was also evaluated in high-pressure packed-bed unit in CO2/N2/H2O mixture and simulated pre-combustion syngas environment. In CO2/N2/H2O environment, the CO2 absorption capacity of the sorbent increases with increasing temperatures from 6.7% at 350°C to 9.5% 450°C. The sorbent is capable...
In this study, we tried hydrocracking of vacuum residue into lighter liquid oils using dispersed colloidal catalysts composed of nanosheet-structured WS2 materials. The vacuum residue of API gravity=2.3° was used as a reactant and hydrocracking reactions were performed in an autoclave batch reactor under 400°C and the initial H2 pressure of 70bar. Both single and multi-layer WS2 nanosheet catalysts...
This work continues our assessment of wet torrefaction for energy applications, looking at effects of the process parameters (temperature, holding time and pressure) on the reactivity and intrinsic kinetics of wood under air combustion conditions. Woody materials, Norway spruce and birch, were wet torrefied in various conditions (temperature: 175, 200, 225°C; holding time: 10, 30, 60min; and pressure:...
In this work it is proposed the one-voltammogram simultaneous determination of Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Zn(II) at ppb and sub-ppb levels in bioethanol fuel samples by adsorptive stripping voltammetry. Mixed ligands were employed providing stripping peaks for all analytes at the same voltammetric scan under optimized conditions. To perform the determination, multivariate linear regression...
Fly ash (FA) generated in real furnaces was used to evaluate the impact of the kind of the solid fuel burnt and combustion technology on chromium speciation, particularly the presence of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) forms as well as readily and hardly leachable chromium(VI) species in FAs. The FAs originated from a pulverized coal combustion boiler (PCC boiler), a fluidized bed combustion boiler (FBC boiler),...
In this work, SO2 retention via calcium-based sorbents added in a continuous bubbling fluidized bed combustor (∼3kWth) operating in oxy-fuel combustion mode is analyzed. Tests were performed at different operating temperatures with three sorbents, two limestones and one dolomite, and with three coals, ranging from lignite to anthracite, to analyze the influence of coal rank, type of sorbent, sorbent...
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) oil and hydrotreated product from pine tree farm waste (forest product residual, FPR) have been analyzed by direct infusion electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS) in both positive- and negative-ionization modes and high-resolution two-dimensional heteronuclear 1H–13C NMR spectroscopy. FT-ICR MS resolves thousands...
While HCCI engines have many advantages such as better efficiency and lower emissions, the control of these engines is still complex. In this context, cycle-to-cycle control using oxidizing species such as ozone (O3) presents a good potential. Only 1ppm of O3 has already a significant impact on the ignition. Predicting this effect as well as the low temperature combustion and ignition generally requires...
The pyrolysis characteristics of GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic), which is a thermosetting plastic composed of glass fibers and polymer compounds, were determined under non-isothermal conditions while heating at 5–20°C/min from 500 to 900°C using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) and a batch-type pyrolyzer. The kinetic parameters for the GFRP were derived from the Freedman method with resultant...
We formulate a mathematical model for one dimensional flow with chemical reactions resulting from injection of air into a porous medium initially filled with gas, water and volatile oil. Our goal is to investigate the effect of water and steam on oil recovery, and we do so for a medium pressure air injection process. We show that, when the boiling point of the volatile oil is below or slightly above...
This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on the recent state-of-the-art technologies, sensor placement methodologies, dynamic evaluations and control strategies that have been proposed to improve the efficiency of integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants. IGCC technologies and configurations including different types and designs of membranes, short residence-time gasifiers...
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